Popes, Kings, and Peasants: 1000–1100
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Popes, Kings, and Peasants: 1000–1100
I. Introductory Matters
A. Massive Expansion of Roman Catholic Christianity
B. Conflict between Secular and Ecclesial Authorities
C. The East-West Schism of 1054
D. Advancements in architecture, philosophy, art, and music
E. Norman and Iberian Conquests
F. The First Crusade
II. Iceland
“Iceland had known sporadic _____________, ____________________, and ________________________ Christian missionary activity since the early _____________________ century.”[1]
A. King Olaf Tryggvason
King Olaf was a ___________________ from _________________________.
B. Isleifur Gizurarson (1006–1080)
Isleifur was the first ___________________ of Skalholt. He chose _________________________ as his successor to the office of bishop.
C. Gissur (1042–1118)
Gissur was the son of _____________________, and although reluctant to enter the office of bishop, did so when all the ________________________ promised to obey all of God’s commands (i.e., __________________ law).
D. Instability of Christianity and Politics
It would not be until the ___________ century that Christianity would be stable in Iceland.
III. Hungary
A. Stephen (c. 975–1038)
“Stephen became the ________________ _____________________ of Hungary in 1001 with the blessing of Pope ________________________.”[2]
He was crowned king of Hungary on ________________________ ________________ in ___________________.
B. Pope Sylvester II
“Sylvester II was the _____________ __________________ ___________________.”[3]
Additionally, Pope Sylvester II is “credited with the introduction of __________________ __________________________ to the West, and with the invention of the pendulum _____________________.”[4]
C. Pagan Revolt and Christianity Conquest
IV. Restoration of the Papacy
A. Emperor Influences in Papal Matters
Henry was “the most powerful of thee _____________________,” one historian noted.[5]Henry III was “holy and ______________ in his personal life, just and wise as a ________________, and a dedicated Christian reformer of ____________________ and _____________________.”[6]
B. Politics and the Roman Catholic Church
This action of Henry III is called “the __________________________ of the ___________________________.”[7]
V. Further Papal Reforms
Two individuals that led the papal reforms are _________________________ and ___________________________.
A. Clement II Reforms
Clement II was only pope for _______________ _____________________.
Clement II probably died from ________________________ _________________.
The two main issues Clement II addressed were ___________________________ and ___________________________.
B. Leo IX’s Reforms
Leo IX lived from _____________ – ________________.
Because Leo IX wore simple clothing, was became known as the “___________________ _______________________.”
“‘Cardinals’ were clergy of the Roman diocese who belonged to the immediate staff of the bishop: the priests who were pastors of the papal or ‘titular’ churches; the seven deacons who were in charge of the administrative regions of the diocese; and (since the eight century) the so-called ‘suburbicarian’ bishops—the pope’s episcopal assistants.”[8]
VI. The College of Cardinals
A. Problems with Papal Appointment
Papal appointments by ________________________ were not uncommon.
B. Lateran Synod of 1059
There were ____________________________ bishops at the Lateran Synod.
C. Hildebrand (?–1085)
Backhouse refers to him as “one of the central ___________________________ of Lateran.”[9]
His reformation movements are known as ____________________________________________, ____________________________________________, and ____________________________________________.
VII. Hildebrandian Discipline
A. Papacy and Institutional Authority
When Hildebrand became pope in _________________, he embraced the name of __________________________.[10]
B. Clerical Marriage and Simony
Priests were to be married to ____________________________, dedicating their time and attention to His ________________________________.
According to Bokenkotter, simony is ____________________________________ _________ __________________________ ____________________________.
C. Lay Investiture
Lay investiture is ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
D. Secular Opposition
The king of England, ____________________________, and the king of France, _________________________________, opposed this imposition into their power.
VIII. The Investiture Struggle
A. Henry IV
Henry IV’s father passed away when he was _______________ years old.
Needham notes, “He picked on the _______________ ___________________________ _______________________________ because he was the most important of the ______________________ ____________________________, claiming to represent the authority of a reborn Roman Empire; Hildebrand knew that if he could defeat him, he could defeat __________________________.”[11]
B. Synods of Worms
An official letter was sent by Henry IV to Pope Gregory VII. Henry IV writes, “You do not fear God, and you dishonour me whom He has appointed….I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all my bishops, say to you—____________ __________________, ____________ __________________ from the ________________________ throne, and be damned through all ages!”[12]
C. Excommunication and Instability
Pope Gregory VII did not hesitate to _________________________ Henry IV.[13]
IX. Henry the Penitent
A. Restoration
B. Ruin
X. The Road to Schism
XI. The Power of Constantinople
A. Emperor Constantine IX Nonomachos (c. 980–1055)
B. Patriarch Michael Cerularius (?–c. 1059)
XII. The Primacy of Rome
A. Cardinal Humbert (?–c. 1061)
B. The Schism of 1054
XIII. The Reconquest of Iberia
A. Iberian Peninsula
B. Reconquista
XIV. Iberian Christian Advances
A. Christianity on the Portuguese Frontier
B. King Sancho (“The Great”) of Navarre
C. King Alfonoso VI (c. 1040–1109)
XV. Iberian Muslim Challenge
A. Berber Muslims—Almoravid Dynasty
B. Yusuf ibn Tashfin
XVI. The Mercenary Chief
A. Rodrigo Díaz, El Cid (“the Chief”)
XVII. The Road to Crusade
A. Romanus III (c. 968–1034)
B. The Seljuk Dynasty
C. The Battle of Manzikert (1071)
XVIII. The First Crusade
A. West Helps East
B. Pope Urban II
XIX. The People’s Crusade
A. Peter the Hermit
B. Dangers of “Visions”
XX. Capturing the Holy Lands
A. Antioch
B. Jerusalem
[1]Stephen Backhouse, Zondervan Essential Companion to Christian History (Grand Rapids, Zondervan: 2019), 88.
[2]Backhouse, Zondervan Essential Companion to Christian History, 89.
[3]Richard P. McBrien, The Pocket Guide to the Popes (San Francisco, HarperCollins Publishers: 2006), 154.
[4]Backhouse, Zondervan Essential Companion to Christian History, 90.
[5]Thomas Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church Revised and Expanded (New York, Doubleday: 1990), 103.
[6]Nick Needham, 2,000 Years of Christ’s Power Volume 2: The Middle Ages 7thto 15th Century (London, Christian Focus Publications: 2016), 165.
[7]Needham, 2,000 Years of Christ’s Power Volume 2, 165.
[8]Walker, et. al., A History of the Christian Church, 268.
[9]Backhouse, Zondervan Essential Companion to Christian History, 90.
[10]Prior to Hildebrand’s election to the papacy, there were four other popes: Victor II, Stephen IX (X), and Nicholas II, and Alexander II.
[11]Needham, 2,000 Years of Christ’s Power Volume 2, 172.
[12]Needham, 2,000 Years of Christ’s Power Volume 2, 173–174.
[13]Excommunication forbids one from partaking of the sacraments. In essence, it was a judgment of eternal damnation were one not readmitted to the rites again.