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xHistorical Overview of the Protestant Reformation – I of V
I) The Creeds of Early Christianity (15m)
a) The ecumenical councils of the church
i) The Council of Jerusalem ()
(1) Concerned the inclusion of Gentiles in the church
ii) “R” or The Old Roman Creed (2rd century)
(1) The Trinity
(2) Virgin birth
(3) Divinity of Christ
(4) Death, burial, resurrection, and ascension
(5) Sitting at the right hand of God
(6) The second coming
(7) The holy Church
(8) Remission of sins
(9) Resurrection of the flesh
iii) The Council of Nice & The Nicene Creed (325)
(1) A response to controversy concerning the nature of Christ
(a) Arius claimed that Christ was God of a different substance, lessor than the Father.
(2) Another important matter was fixing Easter on the calendar (Rome (Western) and Alexandria (Eastern) could not agree)
(a) The absolute sovereignty of God and God as creator of all things visible and invisible
(b) The virgin birth of Christ
(c) The humanity and divinity of Christ
(d) Death & resurrection of Christ
(e) The divinity and work of the Holy Spirit sent from the Father
(f) In one holy, Catholic Church
(g) One baptism for the remission of sins
(h) Future resurrection
iv) The First Council of Constantinople (381)
(1) Dealt with Arianism & Sebellianism
(a) Arianism – Christ was God but of a different substance
(b) Sebellianism – Modalism (modern day Jesus’ only movement)
v) The Council of Ephesus (431)
(1) Nestorianism – two persons in Christ
(a) Pope Leo I, aka, Leo the Great articulated what is the orthodox position on the matter: Christ is one person with two natures.
(2) Pelagianism – denial of original sin & total depravity.
The human will, as created with its abilities by God, is sufficient to save even though every good work requires and is assisted by God’s grace.
vi) The Second Council of Constantinople (451)
(1) Dealt with the controversy of the nature of Christ’s humanity
(a) Christ was indeed a man in every sense
(b) Yet, Christ was a perfect man, without sin
(c) Many churches in the east rejected Constantinople – holding to a Monophysite view of Christ’s nature (one nature, not two)
(d) This ultimate let to infighting and weakened Christianity in the east making it easier for Islam to sweep through the region a few centuries later
vii) The Apostles’ Creed (final form in 7th century)
(1) Response to Gnosticism & false teaching in general
(2) Concerned with preserving apostolic tradition or the rule of faith
(3) Essentially is the evolution of the Old Roman Creed
(4) These early creeds were used with converts to prepare them for baptism
(a) God is almighty – sovereign
(b) The divinity of Christ
(c) The virgin birth of Christ
(d) Death, burial, resurrection, & ascension
(e) Second coming to judge the living and the dead
(f) The Holy Spirit
(g) The holy Catholic Church
(h) Forgiveness of sins
(i) Future resurrection of the dead
(j) Life everlasting
viii)
b) Augustine (354—430)
i) Converted in a garden reading after hearing a child saying: Tolle Lege – Take up and read.
ii) Augustine v Pelagius
(1) Pelagius’ beliefs about human nature proved heretical
(a) Humans are born sinless
(b) Adam’s fall did not corrupt human nature
(c) Sinless perfection in this life was possible
(d) Pelagius believed that God’s grace meant two things:
(i) God’s gift of natural free-will
(ii) God’s gift of moral law and the example of Christ
(iii) Death is not the result of sin
(iv)
(v) The ecumenical Council of Ephesus condemned Pelagianism as heresy in 431
(e) Much of Augustine’s writings were against Pelagius
II) The Scripture (15m)
a) Hebrew
i) Manuscripts
(1) Masoretic Text
(2) Samaritan Pentateuch
(3) LXX
(4) DSS
b) Aramaic
i) 5 sections of text are written in Aramaic
c) Greek
i) Manuscripts
(1) Papyri
(2) Siniaticus
(3) Vaticanus
d) Latin
i) Old Latin
ii) Jerome’s Latin Vulgate
e) The Canon
i) What is the canon?
Kanon – measuring rod, standard.
ii) 39 OT books
iii) 27 NT books
iv) How not to think about the canon!
v) How to think about the canon.
f) Question period
III) The Morning Star – John Wycliffe (1330-1384) (10m)
a) Oxford University theologian
b) Religious advisor to King Edward III
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